Royal Bank of Canada(RY)
Stock quote, options chain, IV rank, technicals, AI analysis, and institutional ownership.
Market data may be delayed, incomplete, or inaccurate. Not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold any security. Verify quotes with your broker before trading. See Terms §17.
RY
$201.37
—
Snapshot
$201.37
- 52-Week Range
- $143.13 – $218.56
- YTD
- +17.91%
- IV Rank (30D)
- 42.49
- Straddle Price
- $7.93
- P/C Vol Ratio
- 3.53
- Market Cap
- $276.2B
Fair Value
MODEL: LONG
A blended fair-value estimate combining up to six valuation methods. Each method is weighted by how well it fits the company — DCF down-weights for unprofitable names; DDM only fires for steady dividend payers; comparables down-weight when peer multiples disagree.
- DCF (quality-aware) — projects free cash flow with a horizon that scales to business quality. True compounders (quality 6/6) get 10 years explicit + 10 years fade before terminal; cyclical/struggling names (quality 0-1) get a 5-year terminal cliff. Quality is scored from ROE, gross margin, growth, FCF margin, debt load, and FCF consistency — the same factors that drive market premium for compounders.
- Market-Implied Growth (in Model Inputs) — reverse-DCF that answers "what growth rate is the market pricing in?". Lets you sanity-check the deviation: if implied growth is plausible for the business, the model's bearish flag may be wrong; if implausible, the market may be over-extrapolating.
- DDM (Gordon Growth Dividend Model) — values the stream of future dividends. Only used when trailing yield ≥ 2% and dividend payments are stable — below that the dividend is a token payout and Gordon (which values only the dividend stream) systematically underprices growth names, so those route to DCF + comparables + market anchor instead.
- P/E, EV/EBITDA, P/B, P/S — applies the peer-group median multiple to this company's per-share metric. Peers come from the same set as the "Related symbols" card. Earnings/sales metrics are forward-tilted by the company's recent revenue growth (capped at 25%) so they're comparable to peers' growth-embedded multiples — mimics how analysts use NTM rather than TTM. Per-multiple weights are biased by company quality (e.g. P/B down-weighted for asset-light tech).
- Market Anchor (SMA50) — the 50-day moving average, weighted by recent trading-range stability (tighter Bollinger bands → higher weight). Captures information fundamentals miss (forward consensus, sentiment, supply/demand) — but only when recent trading is steady enough that the market has converged on a view. During wild breakouts or breakdowns the anchor's weight collapses.
- Options Expected (B-L 30d) — the risk-neutral expected stock price at 30-day options expiration, derived from the full implied-volatility surface via Breeden-Litzenberger (second derivative of call price wrt strike → implied PDF, then E[S_T]). Forward-looking, captures all options-implied information (smile, skew, term structure) in one number. Weighted by chain liquidity. SP500-only at present (pre-computed daily). Backtest evidence: adds modest alpha across most bucket × holding combos.
- Blended value — weighted average. Confidence reflects how many methods fired and how tight peer dispersion is.
- Deviation pill — green when blended FV ≥ 10% above current price (undervalued); red when ≥ 10% below; grey otherwise.
| 10-yr Treasury (rf) | 4.96% |
| Beta vs SPY | 0.74 |
| Cost of Equity (CAPM) | 8.68% (VRP-adj) |
| WACC | 5.09% |
| Volatility Risk Premium | +30.5pp (IV − HV30) |
| Effective Tax Rate | 21.0% |
| Rev. Growth (YoY, DCF input) | +3.0% |
| DCF Horizon | 5 years explicit + fade |
| Forward Tilt (NTM/TTM) | ×1.03 (applied to P/E, EV/EBITDA, P/S) |
| Debt / Equity | 0.10 |
| Quality Score | 1/6 — cyclical/struggling (5y DCF) |
| SMA 50 | $208.33 (Market Anchor value) |
| SMA 20 / Bollinger Mid | $205.11 |
| Bollinger Width / SMA20 | 2.9% (drives anchor stability) |
| Net Debt | $-16.4B |
Peers used for multiples: BMO, BN, BNS, CM, CP, ENB, SHOP, TD
Model Conviction
27%
20-Day Fair Value
≈ by Oct 26, 2026
$198.18
α -1.6%
rank 14%
40-Day Fair Value
≈ by Nov 24, 2026
$208.71
α +3.6%
rank 8%
60-Day Fair Value
≈ by Dec 23, 2026
$207.55
α +3.0%
rank 7%
| Method | Implied Price | Weight | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| DCF | n/a | 0% | |
| DDM (Gordon) | $151.27 | 21% | |
| Peer P/E | n/a | 0% | median 27.6× · 3 peers |
| Peer EV/EBITDA | n/a | 0% | median 15.2× · 3 peers |
| Peer P/B | n/a | 0% | median 2.4× · 3 peers |
| Peer P/S | n/a | 0% | median 6.9× · 3 peers |
| Market Anchor (SMA50) | $208.33 | 53% | stability 100% (BB-width) |
| Options Expected (B-L 30d) | $201.44 | 25% | 19 strikes · skew -0.77 |
As of 2026-09-25 · updated
Info
- Exchange
- XNYS
- Market Cap
- $276.2B
Royal Bank of Canada is one of the two largest banks in Canada, with around CAD 2.5 trillion in assets at the end of July 2026. It is a diversified financial services company, offering personal and commercial banking, wealth management, insurance, corporate banking, and capital markets services. The bank is concentrated in Canada and has dominant market shares. RBC also has wealth and capital markets businesses in the US, UK, and other countries. RBC is a top 15 investment bank globally.
Summary
—
composite
—
No summary data available for this symbol yet.
Each spoke is this symbol's rank within its sector (0–100; the dotted ring marks the sector median at 50). Higher is more constructive for a long. One spoke — News sentiment — is an absolute reading, not a sector rank. Grayed spokes have no data. A fuller shape is a summary, not a recommendation.
Chart
Seasonality
| Month | Avg Return | Years of Data |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | +1.74% | 6 |
| Feb | +0.39% | 6 |
| Mar | -1.70% | 6 |
| Apr | +1.11% | 6 |
| May | +3.97% | 6 |
| Jun | +1.18% | 6 |
| Jul | +1.56% | 6 |
| Aug | -1.78% | 6 |
| Sep | -0.83% | 6 |
| Oct | -1.13% | 5 |
| Nov | +4.43% | 5 |
| Dec | +3.80% | 5 |
Technical Indicators
Quick-reference for reading the values below. Indicators combine to confirm a view — no single one is a trade signal on its own.
Trend Indicators
- SMA 20 / 50 / 200 — price above = uptrend, below = downtrend. SMA 50 crossing SMA 200 is the golden/death cross.
- EMA 12 / 26 — faster-reacting averages; 12 above 26 is short-term bullish.
- MACD — bullish when MACD > signal (green badge), bearish when below. Divergence from price often precedes reversals.
- ADX (14) — trend strength regardless of direction. <20 range, 20–25 weak trend, 25–50 trend, >50 strong trend.
- +DI / −DI — +DI > −DI favors bulls; the reverse favors bears. Read alongside ADX.
Momentum Oscillators
- RSI (14) — <30 oversold, >70 overbought. 40–60 is neutral; trending names can stay extreme.
- Stochastic %K / %D — <20 oversold, >80 overbought. %K crossing %D is an early momentum signal.
- Williams %R — inverted scale: <−80 oversold, >−20 overbought.
Oscillators work best in range-bound markets; in strong trends they give premature reversal signals.
Volume & Volatility
- Bollinger Bands — price at upper band = overbought, lower = oversold. Narrow bands (squeeze) often precede expansion.
- OBV — cumulative volume; rising OBV confirms uptrend, falling OBV confirms downtrend. Divergence from price is a warning.
- Vol SMA 20 / Vol ROC — today's volume vs. 20-day average. Positive ROC with price move = conviction.
- ATR / True Range — average daily $ move; sizing and stop-loss reference.
- HV 20 / 30 / 60 — realized (historical) volatility. Compare to IV on the options cards: IV > HV = rich premium.
Confluence matters: trend + momentum + volume agreeing carries far more weight than any single indicator. For how these feed the spread scanner score, see the algorithm docs →
Trend Indicators
SMA 20: $204.95
SMA 50: $208.03
SMA 200: $185.59
Current: $201.46
EMA 12: $203.20
EMA 26: $205.06
MACD: -1.8528 | Signal: -0.4708
BEARISH
ADX (14): 27.80
TREND
+DI: 17.45
−DI: 33.47
Momentum Oscillators
RSI (14): 41.83
NEUTRAL
Stoch %K: 12.52
Stoch %D: 16.66
Williams %R: -73.33
Volume & Volatility
BB Upper: $211.33
BB Lower: $198.58
NEUTRAL
OBV: 54,494,848
Vol SMA 20: 992,493
Vol ROC: -59.96%
ATR: $3.21
True Range: $2.20
HV 20: 16.9%
HV 30: 17.5%
HV 60: 18.7%
Data Summary
Data Points: 500
Last Updated:
Date Range: 2024-09-26T00:00:00 – 2026-09-24T00:00:00
AI Analysis
Here is my response in the format specified:
Executive Summary
BULLISH (Confidence level: 6/10)
Key drivers: Technical signals indicating an uptrend, low volatility, and positive news sentiment.
Primary risks: Potential reversal if technical indicators weaken or negative news emerges.
Investment thesis: RY has a strong technical foundation, with momentum indicators suggesting an ongoing uptrend. The company's financials are stable, and recent news headlines have been mostly neutral to positive.
Recent news sentiment impact: The overall news sentiment is neutral, with no significant negative news influencing the stock price recently.
Technical Analysis
Trend Direction: Short-term (1-4 weeks): Uptrend; Medium-term (1-3 months): Uptrend; Long-term (3-12 months): Uptrend
Support/Resistance Levels: SMA 20: $180.97, SMA 50: $172.69, Upper Bollinger Band: $187.92, Lower Bollinger Band: $174.03
Momentum Signals:
- RSI interpretation: Overbought (>70), but MACD and Stochastic indicators suggest a strong uptrend.
- MACD signal (bullish crossover)
- Bollinger Bands position: Squeeze (potential breakout)
Volume Analysis: Volume SMA 20: 1169754.25, On-Balance Volume (OBV): 68958785.40
News & Sentiment Analysis
Recent Headlines Summary: Mostly neutral news headlines, with no significant negative news influencing the stock price recently.
Sentiment Assessment: Neutral sentiment, with a slight bias towards positive due to recent earnings announcements and company news.
Catalyst Identification: No imminent catalysts identified. Earnings information is not available for this stock.
Market Narrative: Technical signals are driving the stock's movement, with some support from recent neutral news headlines.
Risk & Volatility Assessment
Beta Interpretation: Low risk (beta 0.69) compared to market volatility.
Volatility Regime: Current vs historical volatility levels: High (HV20 17.9%, HV30 16.7%, HV60 18.1%).
Options Market Signals: IV rank: 41.0% (Medium), Current IV: 47.3%, Expected Move: $8.55.
Downside Protection: Support levels at SMA 50 and Lower Bollinger Band, with potential stop-loss levels around $174.00.
Market Context & Positioning
Sector Performance: No significant performance data available for the RY stock's sector.
Institutional Activity: Moderate institutional interest signaled by volume patterns.
Correlation Analysis: Low correlation (0.54) between this stock and market volatility.
Relative Valuation: This stock is positioned within a trading range, with some support from recent earnings announcements.
Key Levels & Action Items
Critical Price Levels: SMA 20: $180.97, Upper Bollinger Band: $187.92, Lower Bollinger Band: $174.03
Breakout/Breakdown Levels: Breakout above SMA 50 or Lower Bollinger Band could trigger a more significant move.
Time-Sensitive Catalysts: No imminent catalysts identified. Earnings information is not available for this stock.
Risk Management: Consider setting stop-loss levels around $174.00 and adjust position sizing based on market conditions.
Please note that the provided data may not include all necessary information, and actual analysis should consider a more comprehensive set of data.
Generated
News
Dan Mills is joining Royal Bank of Canada as a managing director and head of rates sales in Canada, according to a spokesperson.
Maya Funaki, a Hong Kong-based portfolio manager at RBC BlueBay Asset Management, is leaving the firm, according to a spokesperson for the investment arm of Royal Bank of Canada.
Record $6.0B net income driven by wealth and capital markets strength.
Options Activity
- IV Rank (30D)
- 42.49
- IV Rank (7D)
- 42.49
- Avg IV
- 60.2%
- Straddle (30D)
- $7.93
- Straddle (7D)
- $7.93
- P/C Volume
- 3.53
Spread Scanner GPU
Each spread is ranked by a composite score built in three stages. Full documentation →
Stage 1 — Base Score (GPU scanner)
score = P(profit) × (credit / spread_width)
P(profit) from short leg delta (1 − |delta|), penalised above 85%. Credit uses mid-price to handle illiquid chains fairly.
Stage 2 — Skew Adjustment (±25% cap)
RR and BF (30-delta) from the persisted per-symbol skew snapshot — wing strikes picked by real greeks.delta, not a moneyness proxy. Put skew boosts bull puts, penalises bear calls. High butterfly boosts iron condors. Calendars are skew-neutral.
Stage 3 — Technical Overlay (±50% cap, 5 groups)
Group 1 · Directional Bias (±0.25)
- RSI <40 bullish / >60 bearish
- MACD crossover + histogram trend
- Price vs SMA 50 & SMA 200
Group 2 · Momentum (±0.10)
- Stochastic %K <20 / >80
- Williams %R <−80 / >−20
Group 3 · Volatility (up to −0.25 / +0.15)
- Blended ATR + straddle expected-move penalty
- Bollinger Band signal (+ counter-trend penalty)
- BB width — vol contraction boost for ICs
Group 4 · IV Regime (±0.15)
- IV rank ≥ 75 → strong boost for credit spreads
- IV rank < 25 → penalty (selling cheap vol)
Group 5 · Liquidity (penalty up to −0.10)
- Min open interest across all legs
- OI < 100 → −0.10 · OI < 500 → −0.05
score = base_score × skew_multiplier × tech_multiplier
Both multipliers are shown per spread. Beta is informational only — ATR already captures realized vol. Full algorithm documentation →
Enter a ticker to scan for optimal spread opportunities.
Evaluates all bull put, bear call, iron condor, and calendar spread combinations using GPU-accelerated analysis.
Skew (Wing IV − ATM IV)
DTE:
Wing Δ:
Wing vs ATM
IV(put wing) − IV(ATM), in vol pointsHow much the OTM put trades above (or below) the at-the-money strike. Measures the height of the put-side tail relative to ATM — i.e. how expensive crash insurance is on this name.
- Positive (typical) — wing IV > ATM IV. Standard equity put skew: portfolios bid up crash protection, so OTM puts trade richer than ATM.
- Near zero or negative (unusual) — wing IV ≤ ATM IV. Flat or inverted put side. Common when there's no fear demand, in tightly mean-reverting names, or right after an earnings catalyst clears.
- Percentile vs own 3-yr history: high = wings rich (good time to sell wing premium); low = wings cheap (good time to buy protection).
- Not directional — high or low wings don't predict up or down moves. It's a price tag on tail insurance, not a forecast.
Risk Reversal
IV(call wing) − IV(put wing), equal delta on each sideWhich side of the smile is the market paying up for? Measures the tilt of the surface — call skew vs put skew at matched deltas.
- Negative (typical) — puts richer than calls. Standard equity behavior: hedging demand makes puts carry a premium. Most large-caps sit in the −1 to −5 vol-point range.
- Strongly negative (< −5 pts) — heavy downside hedging, elevated fear, or an upcoming catalyst (earnings, FDA, macro event). Worth flagging.
- Positive — calls richer than puts. Unusual for equities; signals bullish momentum, short-squeeze positioning, or takeover/M&A speculation.
- Near zero — symmetric surface. Market sees roughly equal up/down risk. Rare for large-caps; more common in commodities and FX.
Reading them together
Wing-vs-ATM tells you how expensive the tails are. Risk Reversal tells you which side is favored. Combined:
- High wing percentile + deeply negative RR → strong put bid; stress or major event priced in. Owning protection costs a premium; selling put premium is dangerous.
- Low wing percentile + near-zero RR → complacency; insurance cheap and balanced. Good environment to add cheap downside hedges.
- Positive RR + elevated wings → call-side fear-of-missing-out; common in squeeze setups. Upside calls expensive, downside puts not bid.
14 DTE / 10d
—
—
pts
EXTREME
ATM — / Wing —
30 DTE / 10d
—
—
pts
EXTREME
ATM — / Wing —
Extreme reading.
Historically these have been contrarian — on the small set of observed earnings-day cases, large negative wing-vs-ATM gaps (calls pricing much richer than puts at the same delta) preceded sharp drops in the underlying within 1-12 days. Not financial advice and the dataset is small.
Percentile is the rank of today's reading within ~3 years of this symbol's own history. High percentile = wings are rich relative to history; not a directional signal. Skew is read off the chain in real time, not from CBOE SKEW.
Volatility Surface
Enter a ticker to render the implied volatility surface.
Volatility Smile
Enter a ticker to render the implied volatility smile.
IV Rank (7 DTE)
IV Rank (30 DTE)
Straddle Price (30 DTE)
Beta Analysis
- Beta (1Y vs SPY)
- 0.68
- Correlation (SPY)
- 55.5%
- R²
- 0.31
- Ann. Volatility
- 16.0%
- SPY Volatility
- 13.0%
Low volatility - stock moves less than market
Beta & Alpha Over Time
Institutional Ownership (13F)
Latest filings — 2026-06-30
? 13F Guide
Diluted shares outstanding: 1,411,589,000 (as of 2025-10-31)
Institutional managers with $100M+ AUM file Form 13F-HR quarterly, due 45 days after quarter end. Holdings are reported gross at quarter-end market value — they are a snapshot, not a real-time position.
- Shares — long equity positions in this name, aggregated across share classes.
- Calls / Puts — notional value of long call / put exposure where this ticker is the underlying.
- % of Float — holder's reported shares divided by the latest diluted shares outstanding. Sums above 100% indicate large custodian / prime broker positions where the same shares are reported by multiple filers.
- Custodian badge — filers with more than 5,000 holdings are typically broker-dealers / custodians reporting customer-held shares, not active managers.
Each filer is counted once at its latest 13F-HR filing. New filings are ingested on a weekly cadence.
25 filers$1.50B notional
| # | Filer | Notional Value | % of Total | Period |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | TORONTO DOMINION BANK | $319.75M | 21.27% | 2026-06-30 |
| 2 | ROYAL BANK OF CANADA Custodian | $281.48M | 18.73% | 2026-06-30 |
| 3 | SIG North Trading, ULC | $246.73M | 16.41% | 2026-06-30 |
| 4 | BANK OF MONTREAL /CAN/ Custodian | $186.34M | 12.40% | 2026-06-30 |
| 5 | D. E. Shaw & Co., Inc. Custodian | $169.63M | 11.28% | 2026-06-30 |
| 6 | SUSQUEHANNA INTERNATIONAL GROUP, LLP Custodian | $72.05M | 4.79% | 2026-06-30 |
| 7 | PERISCOPE CAPITAL INC. | $50.81M | 3.38% | 2026-06-30 |
| 8 | GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP INC Custodian | $41.39M | 2.75% | 2026-06-30 |
| 9 | CITADEL ADVISORS LLC Custodian | $29.49M | 1.96% | 2026-06-30 |
| 10 | Murchinson Ltd. | $27.57M | 1.83% | 2026-06-30 |
| 11 | JANE STREET GROUP, LLC Custodian | $19.68M | 1.31% | 2026-06-30 |
| 12 | HEALTHCARE OF ONTARIO PENSION PLAN TRUST FUND | $10.34M | 0.69% | 2026-06-30 |
| 13 | TUDOR INVESTMENT CORP ET AL | $8.13M | 0.54% | 2026-06-30 |
| 14 | WOLVERINE TRADING, LLC Custodian | $7.58M | 0.50% | 2025-09-30 |
| 15 | Point72 Asset Management, L.P. | $6.31M | 0.42% | 2026-06-30 |
| 16 | Walleye Capital LLC | $5.80M | 0.39% | 2026-06-30 |
| 17 | PEAK6 LLC | $4.88M | 0.32% | 2026-06-30 |
| 18 | Parallax Volatility Advisers, L.P. | $4.14M | 0.28% | 2026-06-30 |
| 19 | Cubist Systematic Strategies, LLC | $3.48M | 0.23% | 2025-09-30 |
| 20 | CAPITAL FUND MANAGEMENT S.A. | $3.39M | 0.23% | 2026-06-30 |
| 21 | Alphadyne Asset Management LP | $2.09M | 0.14% | 2026-06-30 |
| 22 | TWO SIGMA INVESTMENTS, LP Custodian | $807.18K | 0.05% | 2026-06-30 |
| 23 | Squarepoint Ops LLC | $600.21K | 0.04% | 2026-06-30 |
| 24 | Walleye Trading LLC | $434.64K | 0.03% | 2026-06-30 |
| 25 | MILLENNIUM MANAGEMENT LLC Custodian | $248.36K | 0.02% | 2026-06-30 |
24 filers$933.74M notional
| # | Filer | Notional Value | % of Total | Period |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SIG North Trading, ULC | $311.20M | 33.33% | 2026-06-30 |
| 2 | D. E. Shaw & Co., Inc. Custodian | $134.89M | 14.45% | 2026-06-30 |
| 3 | BANK OF MONTREAL /CAN/ Custodian | $95.16M | 10.19% | 2026-06-30 |
| 4 | SUSQUEHANNA INTERNATIONAL GROUP, LLP Custodian | $85.83M | 9.19% | 2026-06-30 |
| 5 | Flat Footed LLC | $79.68M | 8.53% | 2026-06-30 |
| 6 | Monaco Asset Management SAM | $51.76M | 5.54% | 2026-06-30 |
| 7 | CITADEL ADVISORS LLC Custodian | $42.82M | 4.59% | 2026-06-30 |
| 8 | Murchinson Ltd. | $27.57M | 2.95% | 2026-06-30 |
| 9 | MILLENNIUM MANAGEMENT LLC Custodian | $27.02M | 2.89% | 2026-06-30 |
| 10 | ROYAL BANK OF CANADA Custodian | $20.08M | 2.15% | 2026-06-30 |
| 11 | JANE STREET GROUP, LLC Custodian | $12.19M | 1.31% | 2026-06-30 |
| 12 | TUDOR INVESTMENT CORP ET AL | $8.03M | 0.86% | 2026-06-30 |
| 13 | Squarepoint Ops LLC | $5.48M | 0.59% | 2026-06-30 |
| 14 | Parallax Volatility Advisers, L.P. | $4.14M | 0.44% | 2026-06-30 |
| 15 | Walleye Capital LLC | $4.04M | 0.43% | 2026-06-30 |
| 16 | Point72 Asset Management, L.P. | $3.97M | 0.43% | 2026-06-30 |
| 17 | CAPITAL FUND MANAGEMENT S.A. | $3.81M | 0.41% | 2026-06-30 |
| 18 | TORONTO DOMINION BANK | $3.52M | 0.38% | 2026-06-30 |
| 19 | PEAK6 LLC | $3.27M | 0.35% | 2026-06-30 |
| 20 | WOLVERINE TRADING, LLC Custodian | $3.26M | 0.35% | 2025-09-30 |
| 21 | Cubist Systematic Strategies, LLC | $3.18M | 0.34% | 2025-09-30 |
| 22 | Alphadyne Asset Management LP | $2.01M | 0.21% | 2026-06-30 |
| 23 | TWO SIGMA INVESTMENTS, LP Custodian | $703.70K | 0.08% | 2026-06-30 |
| 24 | Walleye Trading LLC | $124.18K | 0.01% | 2026-06-30 |
ETF Holders
| # | ETF | Provider | Weight | $ Exposure | ETF AUM | As Of |
|---|
Fundamentals
Quarterly filings sourced from SEC 10-Q / 10-K reports. TTM tiles aggregate the most recent four quarters; bars show the last ~12 quarters oldest → newest.
Metrics
- Revenue — top-line sales. Look for consistent YoY growth; seasonal businesses need same-quarter comparisons (Q4 '24 vs Q4 '23).
- Net Income — bottom-line profit after all expenses. Can be volatile from one-time items; red bars = net loss.
- Diluted EPS — net income per share assuming options/converts are exercised. Direct input to the P/E ratio.
- Operating Cash Flow — cash generated from core operations, before capex and financing. Harder to manipulate than net income; growing OCF is a quality signal.
How to read the bars
- Sequential growth — quarter-over-quarter trend. Accelerating bars are a momentum signal.
- YoY growth — compare to the same quarter a year earlier to remove seasonality.
- Quality — OCF should roughly track Net Income over time. Large divergence (net income ≫ OCF) flags accruals risk.
- Margins — scan the bar ratios: Net Income / Revenue tells you margin trend without needing a separate chart.
TTM (trailing-twelve-month) smooths seasonality and is used for the P/E calculation. Filings appear 30–90 days after the period closes.