DUOL Duolingo, Inc. Class A Common Stock
XNAS
135.05
−0.98%
Pre-market
Stock quote, options chain, IV rank, technicals, AI analysis, and institutional ownership. Iron condor setups Expected move IV rank history Fibonacci levels Insider trading
Market data may be delayed, incomplete, or inaccurate. Not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold any security. Verify quotes with your broker before trading. See Terms §17.
- 52-Week Range
- $87.89 – $279.98
- YTD
- -22.72%
- IV Rank (30D)
- 59.32
- Straddle Price
- $23.85
- P/C Vol Ratio
- 3.94
- Market Cap
- $6.3B
- Open
- $132.68
- Day Range
- $131.94 – $136.70
- Volume
- 729,321
- Prev Close
- $135.21
A blended fair-value estimate combining up to six valuation methods. Each method is weighted by how well it fits the company — DCF down-weights for unprofitable names; DDM only fires for steady dividend payers; comparables down-weight when peer multiples disagree.
- DCF (quality-aware) — projects free cash flow with a horizon that scales to business quality. True compounders (quality 6/6) get 10 years explicit + 10 years fade before terminal; cyclical/struggling names (quality 0-1) get a 5-year terminal cliff. Quality is scored from ROE, gross margin, growth, FCF margin, debt load, and FCF consistency — the same factors that drive market premium for compounders.
- Market-Implied Growth (in Model Inputs) — reverse-DCF that answers "what growth rate is the market pricing in?". Lets you sanity-check the deviation: if implied growth is plausible for the business, the model's bearish flag may be wrong; if implausible, the market may be over-extrapolating.
- DDM (Gordon Growth Dividend Model) — values the stream of future dividends. Only used when trailing yield ≥ 2% and dividend payments are stable — below that the dividend is a token payout and Gordon (which values only the dividend stream) systematically underprices growth names, so those route to DCF + comparables + market anchor instead.
- P/E, EV/EBITDA, P/B, P/S — applies the peer-group median multiple to this company's per-share metric. Peers come from the same set as the "Related symbols" card. Earnings/sales metrics are forward-tilted by the company's recent revenue growth (capped at 25%) so they're comparable to peers' growth-embedded multiples — mimics how analysts use NTM rather than TTM. Per-multiple weights are biased by company quality (e.g. P/B down-weighted for asset-light tech).
- Market Anchor (SMA50) — the 50-day moving average, weighted by recent trading-range stability (tighter Bollinger bands → higher weight). Captures information fundamentals miss (forward consensus, sentiment, supply/demand) — but only when recent trading is steady enough that the market has converged on a view. During wild breakouts or breakdowns the anchor's weight collapses.
- Options Expected (B-L 30d) — the risk-neutral expected stock price at 30-day options expiration, derived from the full implied-volatility surface via Breeden-Litzenberger (second derivative of call price wrt strike → implied PDF, then E[S_T]). Forward-looking, captures all options-implied information (smile, skew, term structure) in one number. Weighted by chain liquidity. SP500-only at present (pre-computed daily). Backtest evidence: adds modest alpha across most bucket × holding combos.
- Blended value — weighted average. Confidence reflects how many methods fired and how tight peer dispersion is.
- Deviation pill — green when blended FV ≥ 10% above current price (undervalued); red when ≥ 10% below; grey otherwise.
| 10-yr Treasury (rf) | 4.99% |
| Beta vs SPY | 1.20 |
| Cost of Equity (CAPM) | 11.60% (VRP-adj) |
| WACC | 11.64% |
| Volatility Risk Premium | +27.8pp (IV − HV30), ERP adj +50bps |
| Effective Tax Rate | 21.0% |
| Rev. Growth (YoY, DCF input) | +9.8% |
| DCF Horizon | 12 years explicit + fade |
| Forward Tilt (NTM/TTM) | ×1.10 (applied to P/E, EV/EBITDA, P/S) |
| Free Cash Flow (TTM) | $0.4B |
| Return on Equity (TTM) | 29.1% |
| Book / Price | 21.0% |
| Gross Margin (TTM) | 72.7% |
| FCF Margin (TTM) | 35.6% |
| Debt / Equity | 0.00 |
| Quality Score | 5/6 — high quality (12y DCF) |
| Market-Implied Growth | +5.7% (reverse-DCF on current price) |
| SMA 50 | $145.55 (Market Anchor value) |
| SMA 20 / Bollinger Mid | $143.28 |
| Bollinger Width / SMA20 | 9.6% (drives anchor stability) |
| Net Debt | $-1.2B |
| Market Cap | $7B |
| Method | Implied Price | Weight | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| DCF | $168.16 | 19% | |
| DDM (Gordon) | n/a | 0% | |
| Peer P/E | $223.19 | 9% | median 24.1× · 6 peers |
| Peer EV/EBITDA | $118.57 | 9% | median 24.4× · 7 peers |
| Peer P/B | $302.51 | 2% | median 10.5× · 7 peers |
| Peer P/S | $119.07 | 6% | median 4.7× · 7 peers |
| Market Anchor (SMA50) | $145.55 | 38% | stability 100% (BB-width) |
| Options Expected (B-L 30d) | $134.15 | 19% | 57 strikes · skew +0.15 |
- Industry (SIC)
- SERVICES-PREPACKAGED SOFTWARE (7372) · industry map
- Exchange
- XNAS
- Market Cap
- $6.3B
- Employees
- 900
- List Date
- 2021-07-28
- CIK
- 0001562088
- Next Earnings
- 2026-11-03 (After-Close)
- EPS Forecast
- $0.57
- Headquarters
- Pittsburgh, PA
- Homepage
- https://www.duolingo.com
Duolingo Inc is a technology company that develops a mobile learning platform to learn languages. Its products are powered by sophisticated data analytics and artificial intelligence and delivered with class art, animation, and design to make it easier for learners to stay motivated, master new material, and achieve their learning goals. Its solutions include the Duolingo Language Learning App, Super Duolingo, Duolingo English Test: AI-Driven Language Assessment, Duolingo For Schools, Duolingo ABC, and Duolingo Math. It has four predominant sources of revenue: time-based subscriptions, in-app …
Each spoke is this symbol's rank within its sector (0–100; the dotted ring marks the sector median at 50). Higher is more constructive for a long. One spoke — News sentiment — is an absolute reading, not a sector rank. Grayed spokes have no data. A fuller shape is a summary, not a recommendation.
| Month | '21 | '22 | '23 | '24 | '25 | '26 | Avg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -- | -4.82% | 34.63% | -16.54% | 11.69% | -24.04% | 0.18% |
| Feb | -- | -13.58% | -6.81% | 31.72% | -14.37% | -23.44% | -5.30% |
| Mar | -- | 14.14% | 28.48% | -6.73% | 5.19% | -2.23% | 7.77% |
| Apr | -- | -9.60% | -4.84% | 3.46% | 18.97% | 14.46% | 4.49% |
| May | -- | -8.34% | 7.30% | -14.18% | 29.90% | 0.10% | 2.96% |
| Jun | -- | 4.83% | -7.27% | 4.05% | -22.18% | -2.50% | -4.61% |
| Jul | 0.89% | -3.48% | 9.01% | -11.93% | -14.02% | 11.31% | -1.37% |
| Aug | -9.90% | -0.41% | -3.36% | 29.22% | -12.13% | 9.25% | 2.11% |
| Sep | 21.01% | 1.59% | 11.38% | 36.66% | 10.99% | -10.31% | 11.89% |
| Oct | 8.16% | -15.63% | -11.99% | 4.39% | -10.89% | -6.95%* | -5.49% |
| Nov | -37.05% | -14.23% | 42.84% | 18.59% | -27.75% | -- | -3.52% |
| Dec | 1.84% | 0.68% | 6.35% | -6.43% | -5.37% | -- | -0.59% |
| Total | -23.73% | -41.98% | 139.43% | 70.65% | -38.19% | -35.54% | 11.77% |
Quick-reference for reading the values below. Indicators combine to confirm a view — no single one is a trade signal on its own.
- SMA 20 / 50 / 200 — price above = uptrend, below = downtrend. SMA 50 crossing SMA 200 is the golden/death cross.
- EMA 12 / 26 — faster-reacting averages; 12 above 26 is short-term bullish.
- MACD — bullish when MACD > signal (green badge), bearish when below. Divergence from price often precedes reversals.
- ADX (14) — trend strength regardless of direction. <20 range, 20–25 weak trend, 25–50 trend, >50 strong trend.
- +DI / −DI — +DI > −DI favors bulls; the reverse favors bears. Read alongside ADX.
- RSI (14) — <30 oversold, >70 overbought. 40–60 is neutral; trending names can stay extreme.
- Stochastic %K / %D — <20 oversold, >80 overbought. %K crossing %D is an early momentum signal.
- Williams %R — inverted scale: <−80 oversold, >−20 overbought.
Oscillators work best in range-bound markets; in strong trends they give premature reversal signals.
- Bollinger Bands — price at upper band = overbought, lower = oversold. Narrow bands (squeeze) often precede expansion.
- OBV — cumulative volume; rising OBV confirms uptrend, falling OBV confirms downtrend. Divergence from price is a warning.
- Vol SMA 20 / Vol ROC — today's volume vs. 20-day average. Positive ROC with price move = conviction.
- ATR / True Range — average daily $ move; sizing and stop-loss reference.
- HV 20 / 30 / 60 — realized (historical) volatility. Compare to IV on the options cards: IV > HV = rich premium.
Confluence matters: trend + momentum + volume agreeing carries far more weight than any single indicator. For how these feed the spread scanner score, see the algorithm docs →
Trend Indicators
Momentum Oscillators
Volume & Volatility
Data Summary
Here is the LLM Stock Analysis Report for Duolingo (DUOL):
Executive Summary
Overall assessment: NEUTRAL with a confidence level of 7/10.
Key drivers: Technical indicators suggest a neutral trend, while recent news headlines are predominantly positive.
Primary risks: Low volatility and beta below market average indicate relatively low risk. However, options activity shows a moderate IV rank, which may imply some uncertainty around the stock's direction.
Investment thesis: Duolingo's stock performance is influenced by its technical indicators, which suggest a neutral trend. The recent news headlines are predominantly positive, indicating potential catalysts for growth. However, the low volatility and beta below market average indicate relatively low risk. Overall, this analysis suggests that DUOL may not be an extreme buy or sell candidate but could be considered as part of a diversified portfolio.
Recent news sentiment impact: Positive news headlines have driven the stock price upward, with most recent articles focusing on Duolingo's growth prospects and positive company developments.
Technical Analysis
Trend Direction:
- Short-term (1-4 weeks): Neutral
- Medium-term (1-3 months): Uptrend
- Long-term (3-12 months): Uptrend
Support/Resistance Levels: The stock is trading above its short-term SMA 20 and below its medium-term SMA 50. The Bollinger Bands suggest a neutral signal.
Momentum Signals:
- RSI interpretation: Neutral, with a reading of 59.08
- MACD signal: Bullish, with a histogram value of 3.13
- Bollinger Bands position: Neutral
Volume Analysis: Volume is relatively low, indicating that the stock's recent price movement may not be driven by strong institutional interest.
News & Sentiment Analysis
Recent Headlines Summary:
- Positive news headlines focus on Duolingo's growth prospects and positive company developments.
- No negative or mixed sentiment headlines are present in the last 10 articles.
Sentiment Assessment: The aggregate news sentiment is positive, with a weighted average sentiment score of 0.7/1 (very positive).
Catalyst Identification:
- Upcoming earnings report may drive price movement.
- Product launches and partnerships could provide additional growth catalysts.
Market Narrative: Recent news headlines align with the technical signals, indicating potential for continued growth.
Risk & Volatility Assessment
Risk & Volatility Assessment:
- Beta: 0.74 (low risk)
- Volatility regime: Low volatility - stock moves less than market
- Options market signals:
- IV rank: Medium (30.9%)
- Current IV: 83.1%
- Expected Move: $18.40 (28 DTE)
Downside Protection:
- Support levels: SMA 20 ($136.88) and SMA 50 ($130.38)
- Risk management considerations: Stop-loss levels can be set above the short-term SMA 20 to manage potential losses.
Market Context & Positioning
Market Context & Positioning:
- Sector performance: Duolingo is outperforming its sector peers.
- Institutional activity: Volume patterns suggest moderate institutional interest.
- Correlation analysis: The stock's price movement is relatively independent of market movements (R-squared = 0.15).
- Relative valuation: The stock is trading within a reasonable range, with no extreme valuations.
Key Levels & Action Items
Critical Price Levels:
- Support: SMA 20 ($136.88) and SMA 50 ($130.38)
- Resistance: Upper Bollinger Band ($148.74)
Breakout/Breakdown Levels:
- Breakout level: $150.00 (above the upper Bollinger Band)
- Breakdown level: $125.03 (below the lower Bollinger Band)
Time-Sensitive Catalysts:
- Upcoming earnings report
- Product launches and partnerships
Risk Management:
- Stop-loss levels can be set above the short-term SMA 20 to manage potential losses.
- Position sizing considerations should prioritize risk management.
This analysis provides a comprehensive overview of Duolingo's stock performance, incorporating both technical indicators and recent news headlines. The neutral trend direction and positive news sentiment suggest potential for continued growth, while the low volatility and beta below market average indicate relatively low risk. Investors may consider DUOL as part of a diversified portfolio or monitor the stock's price movement in response to upcoming catalysts.
| Earnings Date | Timing | Expected Move | Actual Move | Ratio | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-08-11 | After-Close | 10.89% | 1.59% | 0.15x | Within |
| 2021-11-10 | After-Close | 11.25% | 2.33% | 0.21x | Within |
| 2022-03-03 | After-Close | 17.54% | 4.62% | 0.26x | Within |
| 2022-05-12 | After-Close | 20.45% | 34.03% | 1.66x | Exceeded |
| 2022-08-04 | After-Close | 16.93% | 4.45% | 0.26x | Within |
| 2022-11-10 | After-Close | 13.26% | 13.36% | 1.01x | Exceeded |
| 2023-02-28 | After-Close | 13.09% | 22.24% | 1.70x | Exceeded |
| 2023-05-09 | After-Close | 13.25% | 9.98% | 0.75x | Within |
| 2023-08-08 | After-Close | 14.49% | 6.55% | 0.45x | Within |
| 2023-11-08 | After-Close | 12.32% | 21.37% | 1.73x | Exceeded |
| 2024-02-28 | After-Close | 16.96% | 22.24% | 1.31x | Exceeded |
| 2024-05-08 | After-Close | 13.45% | 18.01% | 1.34x | Exceeded |
| 2024-08-07 | After-Close | 19.08% | 10.90% | 0.57x | Within |
| 2024-11-06 | After-Close | 13.80% | 0.95% | 0.07x | Within |
| 2025-02-27 | After-Close | 17.30% | 16.95% | 0.98x | Within |
| 2025-05-01 | After-Close | 14.94% | 21.61% | 1.45x | Exceeded |
| 2025-08-06 | After-Close | 26.63% | 13.75% | 0.52x | Within |
| 2025-11-05 | After-Close | 18.09% | 25.49% | 1.41x | Exceeded |
| 2026-01-12 | After-Close | 5.32% | 2.51% | 0.47x | Within |
| 2026-02-26 | After-Close | 13.37% | 14.01% | 1.05x | Exceeded |
| 2026-05-04 | After-Close | 17.69% | 5.62% | 0.32x | Within |
| 2026-08-05 | After-Close | 13.23% | 9.41% | 0.71x | Within |
Earnings calendar: this week’s reports with expected vs actual moves →
DUOL Options Activity & IV Rank
DUOL IV rank history, 52-week IV rank and IV percentile →
Volatility Metrics
Options Flow
ATM Options Pricing
Chain Summary
Each spread is ranked by a composite score built in three stages. Full documentation →
score = P(profit) × (credit / spread_width)
P(profit) from short leg delta (1 − |delta|), penalised above 85%. Credit uses mid-price to handle illiquid chains fairly.
RR and BF (30-delta) from the persisted per-symbol skew snapshot — wing strikes picked by real greeks.delta, not a moneyness proxy. Put skew boosts bull puts, penalises bear calls. High butterfly boosts iron condors. Calendars are skew-neutral.
- RSI <40 bullish / >60 bearish
- MACD crossover + histogram trend
- Price vs SMA 50 & SMA 200
- Stochastic %K <20 / >80
- Williams %R <−80 / >−20
- Blended ATR + straddle expected-move penalty
- Bollinger Band signal (+ counter-trend penalty)
- BB width — vol contraction boost for ICs
- IV rank ≥ 75 → strong boost for credit spreads
- IV rank < 25 → penalty (selling cheap vol)
- Min open interest across all legs
- OI < 100 → −0.10 · OI < 500 → −0.05
score = base_score × skew_multiplier × tech_multiplier
Both multipliers are shown per spread. Beta is informational only — ATR already captures realized vol. Full algorithm documentation →
Enter a ticker to scan for optimal spread opportunities.
Evaluates all bull put, bear call, iron condor, and calendar spread combinations using GPU-accelerated analysis.
Estimated net dealer gamma is at the 40th percentile of this name's own daily history, within its typical range. This describes current positioning; it is not a forecast or a trading signal.
Net dealer gamma is an estimate of the aggregate gamma held by options market makers across this name's option chain, weighted by open interest. Dealer positions aren't public, so it uses a standard simplifying assumption: dealers are treated as long the calls and short the puts that are open. Actual dealer books can differ.
Gamma percentile ranks today's estimate against this name's own daily history, from 0% (the lowest reading on record) to 100% (the highest). Raw gamma scales with how much open interest a chain carries, so it isn't comparable across names; the percentile is. The badge marks the bottom 20% as low and the top 20% as high.
Tilts run from −1 to +1 and show how lopsided the estimated dealer exposure is. GEX tilt compares call gamma with put gamma. Vanna tilt describes how the hedge would shift if implied volatility changed, and charm tilt how it would shift with the passage of time.
This card describes estimated positioning and where it sits historically. It is not a forecast of price direction or volatility and not a trading signal. Market-wide view: Dealer positioning screener.
IV(put wing) − IV(ATM), in vol pointsHow much the OTM put trades above (or below) the at-the-money strike. Measures the height of the put-side tail relative to ATM — i.e. how expensive crash insurance is on this name.
- Positive (typical) — wing IV > ATM IV. Standard equity put skew: portfolios bid up crash protection, so OTM puts trade richer than ATM.
- Near zero or negative (unusual) — wing IV ≤ ATM IV. Flat or inverted put side. Common when there's no fear demand, in tightly mean-reverting names, or right after an earnings catalyst clears.
- Percentile vs own 3-yr history: high = wings rich (good time to sell wing premium); low = wings cheap (good time to buy protection).
- Not directional — high or low wings don't predict up or down moves. It's a price tag on tail insurance, not a forecast.
IV(call wing) − IV(put wing), equal delta on each sideWhich side of the smile is the market paying up for? Measures the tilt of the surface — call skew vs put skew at matched deltas.
- Negative (typical) — puts richer than calls. Standard equity behavior: hedging demand makes puts carry a premium. Most large-caps sit in the −1 to −5 vol-point range.
- Strongly negative (< −5 pts) — heavy downside hedging, elevated fear, or an upcoming catalyst (earnings, FDA, macro event). Worth flagging.
- Positive — calls richer than puts. Unusual for equities; signals bullish momentum, short-squeeze positioning, or takeover/M&A speculation.
- Near zero — symmetric surface. Market sees roughly equal up/down risk. Rare for large-caps; more common in commodities and FX.
Wing-vs-ATM tells you how expensive the tails are. Risk Reversal tells you which side is favored. Combined:
- High wing percentile + deeply negative RR → strong put bid; stress or major event priced in. Owning protection costs a premium; selling put premium is dangerous.
- Low wing percentile + near-zero RR → complacency; insurance cheap and balanced. Good environment to add cheap downside hedges.
- Positive RR + elevated wings → call-side fear-of-missing-out; common in squeeze setups. Upside calls expensive, downside puts not bid.
Percentile is the rank of today's reading within ~3 years of this symbol's own history. High percentile = wings are rich relative to history; not a directional signal. Skew is read off the chain in real time, not from CBOE SKEW.
Enter a ticker to render the implied volatility surface.
Enter a ticker to render the implied volatility smile.
Risk Metrics
Analysis Details
Data Points: 251
Period: 252 trading days
Low volatility - stock moves less than market
| Investor | Value | Share of their portfolio | Rank | Q/Q shares | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Point72 Hedge fund Steve Cohen | $24.7M | #516 of 1945 | new | 13F | |
| Renaissance Technologies Hedge fund Jim Simons | $24.3M | #618 of 3138 | -65.0% | 13F | |
| Millennium Management Hedge fund Izzy Englander | $8.3M | #1715 of 3716 | -78.3% | 13F | |
| Rockefeller Capital Management Family office Rockefeller family | $639K | #1956 of 4729 | -27.1% | 13F | |
| Citadel Hedge fund Ken Griffin | $300K | #5073 of 6285 | -99.0% | 13F |
Hedge funds, activists, holding companies and family offices we track, from their latest 13F (quarter-end value) and Form 4 filings in the last 3 years. Family offices · all institutions
DUOL Institutional Ownership (13F)
Latest filings — 2026-09-30Institutional managers with $100M+ AUM file Form 13F-HR quarterly, due 45 days after quarter end. Holdings are reported gross at quarter-end market value — they are a snapshot, not a real-time position.
- Shares — long equity positions in this name, aggregated across share classes.
- Calls / Puts — notional value of long call / put exposure where this ticker is the underlying.
- % of Float — holder's reported shares divided by the latest diluted shares outstanding. Sums above 100% indicate large custodian / prime broker positions where the same shares are reported by multiple filers.
- Custodian badge — filers with more than 5,000 holdings are typically broker-dealers / custodians reporting customer-held shares, not active managers.
Each filer is counted once at its latest 13F-HR filing. New filings are ingested on a weekly cadence.
| # | Filer | Notional Value | % of Total | Period |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Susquehanna International Group, LLP Custodian | $114.80M | 26.16% | 2026-06-30 |
| 2 | Citadel Advisors LLC Custodian | $86.13M | 19.63% | 2026-06-30 |
| 3 | Wolverine Trading, LLC Custodian | $46.98M | 10.71% | 2025-09-30 |
| 4 | IMC-Chicago, LLC Custodian | $45.42M | 10.35% | 2026-06-30 |
| 5 | Jane Street Group, LLC Custodian | $41.90M | 9.55% | 2026-06-30 |
| 6 | D. E. Shaw & Co., Inc. Custodian | $27.48M | 6.26% | 2026-06-30 |
| 7 | Cubist Systematic Strategies, LLC | $16.06M | 3.66% | 2025-09-30 |
| 8 | Balyasny Asset Management L.P. | $11.50M | 2.62% | 2026-06-30 |
| 9 | Walleye Trading LLC | $8.81M | 2.01% | 2026-06-30 |
| 10 | Simplex Trading, LLC Custodian | $6.28M | 1.43% | 2026-06-30 |
| 11 | UBS Group AG Custodian | $6.19M | 1.41% | 2026-06-30 |
| 12 | Squarepoint Ops LLC | $5.83M | 1.33% | 2026-06-30 |
| 13 | CAPITAL FUND MANAGEMENT S.A. | $3.90M | 0.89% | 2026-06-30 |
| 14 | Qube Research & Technologies Ltd | $3.28M | 0.75% | 2026-06-30 |
| 15 | Point72 Asset Management, L.P. | $3.21M | 0.73% | 2026-06-30 |
| 16 | GROUP ONE TRADING LLC Custodian | $2.98M | 0.68% | 2026-06-30 |
| 17 | TUDOR INVESTMENT CORP ET AL | $2.94M | 0.67% | 2026-06-30 |
| 18 | Millennium Management LLC Custodian | $1.98M | 0.45% | 2026-06-30 |
| 19 | J. Goldman & Co LP | $1.55M | 0.35% | 2026-06-30 |
| 20 | Walleye Capital LLC | $828.14K | 0.19% | 2026-06-30 |
| 21 | Two Sigma Investments, LP Custodian | $471.58K | 0.11% | 2026-06-30 |
| 22 | INTERCAPITAL, LLC | $287.55K | 0.07% | 2026-06-30 |
| 23 | Cerity Partners LLC Custodian | $11.50K | <0.01% | 2026-06-30 |
| 24 | Sanctuary Advisors, LLC | $11.50K | <0.01% | 2026-06-30 |
| 25 | OSAIC HOLDINGS, INC. Custodian | $185 | 0.00% | 2026-06-30 |
| # | Filer | Notional Value | % of Total | Period |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Susquehanna International Group, LLP Custodian | $116.00M | 24.73% | 2026-06-30 |
| 2 | Citadel Advisors LLC Custodian | $95.35M | 20.33% | 2026-06-30 |
| 3 | Jane Street Group, LLC Custodian | $59.48M | 12.68% | 2026-06-30 |
| 4 | Wolverine Trading, LLC Custodian | $56.78M | 12.11% | 2025-09-30 |
| 5 | IMC-Chicago, LLC Custodian | $44.51M | 9.49% | 2026-06-30 |
| 6 | Goldman Sachs Group Inc Custodian | $22.96M | 4.89% | 2026-06-30 |
| 7 | Walleye Trading LLC | $14.09M | 3.00% | 2026-06-30 |
| 8 | Simplex Trading, LLC Custodian | $13.31M | 2.84% | 2026-06-30 |
| 9 | Sessa Capital IM, L.P. | $11.50M | 2.45% | 2026-06-30 |
| 10 | D. E. Shaw & Co., Inc. Custodian | $10.83M | 2.31% | 2026-06-30 |
| 11 | TUDOR INVESTMENT CORP ET AL | $5.46M | 1.16% | 2026-06-30 |
| 12 | GROUP ONE TRADING LLC Custodian | $4.28M | 0.91% | 2026-06-30 |
| 13 | Cubist Systematic Strategies, LLC | $4.06M | 0.86% | 2025-09-30 |
| 14 | CAPITAL FUND MANAGEMENT S.A. | $2.15M | 0.46% | 2026-06-30 |
| 15 | Qube Research & Technologies Ltd | $1.87M | 0.40% | 2026-06-30 |
| 16 | Squarepoint Ops LLC | $1.84M | 0.39% | 2026-06-30 |
| 17 | Parallax Volatility Advisers, L.P. | $1.73M | 0.37% | 2026-06-30 |
| 18 | Citigroup Inc. Custodian | $920.16K | 0.20% | 2026-06-30 |
| 19 | Two Sigma Investments, LP Custodian | $690.12K | 0.15% | 2026-06-30 |
| 20 | Walleye Capital LLC | $644.11K | 0.14% | 2026-06-30 |
| 21 | Millennium Management LLC Custodian | $264.55K | 0.06% | 2026-06-30 |
| 22 | HAP TRADING, LLC | $215.57K | 0.05% | 2025-09-30 |
| 23 | Twin Tree Management, LP | $57.51K | 0.01% | 2026-06-30 |
| 24 | PEAK6 LLC | $46.01K | <0.01% | 2026-06-30 |
DUOL Insider Trading (Form 4)
Latest: 2026-10-13| Filed | Reporter | Role | Action | Shares | Avg Price | Net $ | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-13 | Mario Schlosser | Director | Award (A) | +116 | $149.92 | $17.4K | EDGAR |
| 2026-10-13 | James H Shelton | Director | Award (A) | +100 | $149.92 | $15.0K | EDGAR |
| 2026-10-13 | Amy Bohutinsky | Director | Award (A) | +108 | $149.92 | $16.2K | EDGAR |
| 2026-10-13 | III John Osborne Lilly | Director | Award (A) | +98 | $149.92 | $14.7K | EDGAR |
| 2026-10-09 | Luis von Ahn | President & CEO, Co-Founder | Mixed | — | $94.89 | -$12.50M | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-28 | Luis von Ahn | President & CEO, Co-Founder | Mixed | — | $94.36 | -$5.25M | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-23 | Luis von Ahn | President & CEO, Co-Founder | Mixed | — | $86.29 | -$5.27M | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-18 | Luis von Ahn | President & CEO, Co-Founder | Mixed | — | $84.52 | -$3.72M | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-15 | Stephen C. Chen | General Counsel | Sell (S) | −8,072 | $149.33 | -$1.21M | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-10 | William B Gordon | Director | Sell (S) | −10,000 | $145.67 | -$1.46M | EDGAR |
| 2026-08-19 | Stephen C. Chen | General Counsel | Sell (S) | −1,024 | $129.13 | -$132.2K | EDGAR |
| 2026-08-19 | Natalie Glance | Chief Engineering Officer | Sell (S) | −4,290 | $132.24 | -$567.3K | EDGAR |
| 2026-08-19 | Robert Meese | Chief Business Officer | Sell (S) | −1,354 | $129.13 | -$174.8K | EDGAR |
| 2026-08-12 | Sallie Krawcheck | Director | Award (A) | +4,592 | — | EDGAR | |
| 2026-07-14 | Amy Bohutinsky | Director | Award (A) | +130 | $124.76 | $16.2K | EDGAR |
DUOL Insider Holdings
15 insiders · @ $136.39| # | Insider | Role | Shares | Disclosed Exposure | Lifetime OM Net | Filings | Last Filed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Robert Meese | Chief Business Officer | 171,191 | $23.35M | -$34.45M | 42 | 2026-08-19 |
| 2 | Natalie Glance | Chief Engineering Officer | 169,241 | $23.08M | -$45.86M | 57 | 2026-08-19 |
| 3 | Gillian Munson | Chief Financial Officer | 137,662 | $18.78M | -$1.75M | 9 | 2026-03-27 |
| 4 | Luis von Ahn | President & CEO, Co-Founder | 90,021 | $12.28M | -$163.25M | 35 | 2026-10-09 |
| 5 | William B Gordon | Director | 68,415 | $9.33M | -$1.46M | 7 | 2026-09-10 |
| 6 | Stephen C. Chen | General Counsel | 49,734 | $6.78M | -$28.18M | 46 | 2026-09-15 |
| 7 | Matthew Skaruppa | Chief Financial Officer | 31,991 | $4.36M | -$76.81M | 70 | 2026-02-20 |
| 8 | James H Shelton | Director | 11,853 | $1.62M | -$9.26M | 13 | 2026-10-13 |
| 9 | III John Osborne Lilly | Director | 9,121 | $1.24M | $0 | 8 | 2026-10-13 |
| 10 | Amy Bohutinsky | Director | 7,766 | $1.06M | -$3.03M | 9 | 2026-10-13 |
DUOL Board & Officers
As of SEC filings through Oct 13, 2026Directors 10
- Amy Bohutinsky · since Jul 27, 2021
- James H Shelton · since Jul 27, 2021
- Luis von Ahn · since Jul 27, 2021
- Sara Clemens · since Jul 27, 2021
- Severin Hacker · since Jul 27, 2021
- William B Gordon · since Jul 27, 2021
- III John Osborne Lilly · since Dec 15, 2021
- Mario Schlosser · since Jul 1, 2024
- Bonnie Ross · since Dec 5, 2024
- Sallie Krawcheck · since Aug 10, 2026
Officers 6
- Luis von Ahn · President & CEO, Co-Founder · since Jul 27, 2021
- Gillian Munson · Chief Financial Officer · listed since Mar 2026
- Robert Meese · Chief Business Officer · since Jul 27, 2021
- Severin Hacker · Chief Tech Officer, Co-Founder · listed since Jun 2022
- Natalie Glance · Chief Engineering Officer · listed since Dec 2022
- Stephen C. Chen · General Counsel · since Jul 27, 2021
10% owners 2
- Luis von Ahn · since Jul 27, 2021
- Severin Hacker · listed since Jun 2022
Changes in the last 10 years (46)
| Aug 10, 2026 | Sallie Krawcheck became a director |
| Mar 27, 2026 | Gillian Munson first listed as Chief Financial Officer in an SEC filing |
| Jan 8, 2026 | The company announced the departure of Matthew Skaruppa as Chief Financial Officer in an SEC filing |
| Jan 8, 2026 | The company announced the departure of Gillian Munson from the board in an SEC filing |
| Dec 5, 2024 | Bonnie Ross became a director |
| Jul 1, 2024 | Mario Schlosser became a director |
| May 6, 2024 | The company announced the departure of Laela Sturdy from the board in an SEC filing |
| Dec 6, 2022 | Natalie Glance listed as Chief Engineering Officer (previously SVP, Engineering) in SEC filings |
| Jul 12, 2022 | Ravi Viswanathan reported in an SEC filing no longer being a 10% owner |
| Jul 12, 2022 | NewView Capital Partners I, LLC reported in an SEC filing no longer being a 10% owner |
| Jul 12, 2022 | NewView Capital Fund I, L.P. reported in an SEC filing no longer being a 10% owner |
| Jun 3, 2022 | Severin Hacker listed as Chief Tech Officer, Co-Founder (previously Chief Technology Officer) in SEC filings |
| Jun 3, 2022 | Severin Hacker first listed as a 10% owner in an SEC filing |
| Dec 29, 2021 | Durable Capital Partners LP became a 10% owner |
| Dec 15, 2021 | III John Osborne Lilly became a director |
| Jul 27, 2021 | William B Gordon became a director |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Union Square Ventures 2012 Fund, L.P. became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | USV Investors 2012 Fund, L.P. became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Stephen C. Chen became General Counsel |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Severin Hacker became a director |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Severin Hacker became Chief Technology Officer |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Sara Clemens became a director |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Robert Meese became Chief Business Officer |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Ravi Viswanathan became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | NewView Capital Partners I, LLC became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | NewView Capital Fund I, L.P. became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Natalie Glance became SVP, Engineering |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Matthew Skaruppa became Chief Financial Officer |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Luis von Ahn became a director |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Luis von Ahn became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Luis von Ahn became President & CEO, Co-Founder |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Laela Sturdy became a director |
| Jul 27, 2021 | KPCB Digital Growth Fund, LLC became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | KPCB Digital Growth Founders Fund, LLC became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | KPCB DGF Associates, LLC became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | James H Shelton became a director |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Gillian Munson became a director |
| Jul 27, 2021 | CapitalG II LP became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | CapitalG II GP LLC became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | CapitalG 2015 LP became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | CapitalG 2015 GP LLC became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | CapitalG 2014 LP became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | CapitalG 2014 GP LLC became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Amy Bohutinsky became a director |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Alphabet Inc. became a 10% owner |
| Jul 27, 2021 | Alphabet Holdings LLC became a 10% owner |
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Not reported recently (14)
- Durable Capital Partners LP · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Nov 13, 2023
- CapitalG 2014 LP · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Jul 15, 2022
- Alphabet Inc. · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Jul 15, 2022
- CapitalG II GP LLC · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Jul 15, 2022
- CapitalG 2015 LP · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Jul 15, 2022
- CapitalG 2014 GP LLC · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Jul 15, 2022
- CapitalG 2015 GP LLC · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Jul 15, 2022
- CapitalG II LP · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Jul 15, 2022
- Alphabet Holdings LLC · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Jul 15, 2022
- KPCB Digital Growth Fund, LLC · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Mar 9, 2022
- KPCB DGF Associates, LLC · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Mar 9, 2022
- KPCB Digital Growth Founders Fund, LLC · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Mar 9, 2022
- Union Square Ventures 2012 Fund, L.P. · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Dec 22, 2021
- USV Investors 2012 Fund, L.P. · Last reported as a 10% owner in an SEC filing dated Dec 22, 2021
DUOL Proposed Insider Sales (Form 144)
Latest: 2026-10-07What is Form 144? A notice of intent to sell restricted or control stock under Rule 144. Affiliates (officers, directors, 10%+ owners) and holders of restricted shares must file Form 144 when planning to sell more than 5,000 shares or $50,000 in any 3-month rolling window.
How it relates to Form 4: Form 144 is filed before the trade (up to 90 days in advance); Form 4 is filed within 2 business days after the trade executes. Not every Form 144 results in a sale — the filer may cancel or delay. Look for the corresponding Form 4 on the Insider Activity card to confirm a sale actually happened.
10b5-1 plans: Trades made under a pre-scheduled Rule 10b5-1 plan are not discretionary — they execute automatically on dates set months earlier, regardless of news. High 10b5-1 percentages mean less per-filing signal value, though cumulative selling volume still matters.
"Notice value": Aggregate market value the filer wrote into the Form 144 — i.e. the size of the planned sale, not necessarily the executed dollars. An amended notice (Form 144/A) replaces the original it amends, and cancelled notices are dropped, so neither is double-counted above. A filed value that is clearly inconsistent with the share count at the stock's price (a filer typo) shows as a dash and is left out of the totals.
Source & freshness: Sourced from public Form 144 filings. Refreshed daily; new filings typically appear here the morning after they are filed.
| Filed | Filer | Role | Shares | Notice Value | Planned Sale | Broker | Plan | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-07 | LUIS VON AHN ARELLANO | Director, Officer, 10% Stockholder | 110,046 | $16.30M | 2026-10-07 | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC … | 10b5-1 | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-24 | LUIS VON AHN ARELLANO | Director, Officer, 10% Stockholder | 46,682 | $6.81M | 2026-09-24 | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC … | 10b5-1 | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-22 | LUIS VON AHN ARELLANO | Director, Officer, 10% Stockholder | 3,614 | $540.0K | 2026-09-22 | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC … | 10b5-1 | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-21 | LUIS VON AHN FOUNDATION | Director, Officer, 10% Stockholder | 34,992 | $4.97M | 2026-09-21 | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC … | 10b5-1 | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-21 | LUIS VON AHN ARELLANO | Director, Officer, 10% Stockholder | 37,366 | $5.30M | 2026-09-21 | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC … | 10b5-1 | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-16 | LUIS VON AHN ARELLANO | Director, Officer, 10% Stockholder | 28,292 | $4.35M | 2026-09-16 | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC … | 10b5-1 | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-16 | LUIS VON AHN FOUNDATION | Director, Officer, 10% Stockholder | 19,008 | $2.93M | 2026-09-16 | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC … | 10b5-1 | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-14 | STEPHEN CHEN | Officer | 8,072 | $1.16M | 2026-09-14 | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC … | 10b5-1 | EDGAR |
| 2026-09-08 | WILLIAM B. GORDON | Director | 20,000 | $3.09M | 2026-09-08 | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC … | 10b5-1 | EDGAR |
| 2026-08-18 | NATALIE GLANCE | Officer | 1,539 | $200.3K | 2026-08-18 | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC … | 10b5-1 | EDGAR |
| Filing Date | Accession | Link |
|---|---|---|
| 2026-06-05 | 0001628280-26-041280 | EDGAR |
| 2026-05-04 | 0001628280-26-029790 | EDGAR |
| 2026-02-26 | 0001628280-26-012246 | EDGAR |
| 2026-01-12 | 0001628280-26-001730 | EDGAR |
| 2025-11-05 | 0001628280-25-049514 | EDGAR |
| 2025-08-06 | 0001562088-25-000165 | EDGAR |
| 2025-06-13 | 0001562088-25-000129 | EDGAR |
| 2025-05-01 | 0001562088-25-000098 | EDGAR |
| 2025-02-27 | 0001562088-25-000039 | EDGAR |
| 2024-12-09 | 0001562088-24-000276 | EDGAR |
| Filing Date | Accession | Link |
|---|---|---|
| 2026-05-05 | 0001628280-26-029976 | EDGAR |
| 2025-11-06 | 0001628280-25-049743 | EDGAR |
| 2025-08-07 | 0001562088-25-000168 | EDGAR |
| 2025-05-02 | 0001562088-25-000100 | EDGAR |
| 2024-11-07 | 0001562088-24-000250 | EDGAR |
| 2024-08-08 | 0001562088-24-000207 | EDGAR |
| 2024-05-09 | 0001562088-24-000113 | EDGAR |
| 2023-11-09 | 0001562088-23-000221 | EDGAR |
| 2023-08-09 | 0001562088-23-000175 | EDGAR |
| 2023-05-10 | 0001562088-23-000103 | EDGAR |
| # | ETF | Provider | Weight | $ Exposure | ETF AUM | As Of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IJH iShares Core S&P Mid-Cap ETF | iShares (BlackRock) | 0.16% | $196.0M | $124.6B | 2026-10-28 |
| 2 | VTI Vanguard Morningstar Total Stock Market ETF | Vanguard | 0.01% | $156.2M | — | 2026-09-30 |
| 3 | VB Vanguard Morningstar Small-Cap ETF | Vanguard | 0.06% | $110.0M | — | 2026-09-30 |
| 4 | VXF Vanguard Extended Market ETF | Vanguard | 0.07% | $64.8M | — | 2026-09-30 |
| 5 | VBK Vanguard Morningstar Small-Cap Growth ETF | Vanguard | 0.14% | $61.3M | — | 2026-09-30 |
| 6 | MDY State Street® SPDR® S&P MIDCAP 400® ETF Trust | SPDR (State Street) | 0.16% | $41.0M | $25.9B | 2026-10-28 |
| 7 | SPMD State Street® SPDR® Portfolio S&P 400™ Mid Cap ETF | SPDR (State Street) | 0.16% | $29.7M | $18.6B | 2026-10-28 |
| 8 | IJK iShares S&P Mid-Cap 400 Growth ETF | iShares (BlackRock) | 0.22% | $22.7M | $10.6B | 2026-10-28 |
| 9 | IWR iShares Russell Mid-Cap ETF | iShares (BlackRock) | 0.04% | $22.0M | $58.8B | 2026-10-28 |
| 10 | GRPM Invesco S&P MidCap 400 GARP ETF | Invesco | 2.57% | $15.7M | — | 2026-10-28 |
| 11 | CALF Pacer US Small Cap Cash Cows 100 ETF | Nport | 0.43% | $15.7M | — | 2026-07-31 |
| 12 | SCHM Schwab U.S. Mid-Cap ETF | Nport | 0.08% | $12.0M | — | 2026-05-31 |
| 13 | IWD iShares Russell 1000 Value ETF | iShares (BlackRock) | 0.01% | $11.4M | $83.8B | 2026-10-28 |
| 14 | VCR Vanguard Consumer Discretionary ETF | Vanguard | 0.17% | $10.5M | — | 2026-09-30 |
| 15 | COWG Pacer US Large Cap Cash Cows Growth Leaders ETF | Nport | 0.48% | $10.5M | — | 2026-07-31 |
| 16 | FDN First Trust Dow Jones Internet Index Fund | First Trust | 0.19% | $9.7M | $5.1B | 2026-10-28 |
| 17 | IVOO Vanguard S&P Mid-Cap 400 ETF | Vanguard | 0.17% | $9.6M | — | 2026-09-30 |
| 18 | SCHG Schwab U.S. Large-Cap Growth ETF | Nport | 0.02% | $9.4M | — | 2026-05-31 |
| 19 | IJJ iShares S&P Mid-Cap 400 Value ETF | iShares (BlackRock) | 0.10% | $8.6M | $8.7B | 2026-10-28 |
| 20 | IWS iShares Russell Mid-Cap Value ETF | iShares (BlackRock) | 0.05% | $7.5M | $15.0B | 2026-10-28 |
| 21 | ITOT iShares Core S&P Total U.S. Stock Market ETF | iShares (BlackRock) | 0.01% | $7.2M | $97.2B | 2026-10-28 |
| 22 | JMEE JPMorgan Small & Mid Cap Enhanced Equity ETF | JPMorgan | 0.22% | $6.6M | $3.0B | 2026-10-29 |
| 23 | MDYG State Street® SPDR® S&P 400™ Mid Cap Growth ETF | SPDR (State Street) | 0.22% | $6.1M | $2.8B | 2026-10-28 |
| 24 | DFAS Dimensional US Small Cap ETF | Dimensional | 0.02% | $5.5M | — | 2026-10-28 |
| 25 | SMLF iShares U.S. Small-Cap Equity Factor ETF | iShares (BlackRock) | 0.12% | $5.3M | $4.3B | 2026-10-28 |
Quarterly filings sourced from SEC 10-Q / 10-K reports. TTM tiles aggregate the most recent four quarters; bars show the last ~12 quarters oldest → newest.
- Revenue — top-line sales. Look for consistent YoY growth; seasonal businesses need same-quarter comparisons (Q4 '24 vs Q4 '23).
- Net Income — bottom-line profit after all expenses. Can be volatile from one-time items; red bars = net loss.
- Diluted EPS — net income per share assuming options/converts are exercised. Direct input to the P/E ratio.
- Operating Cash Flow — cash generated from core operations, before capex and financing. Harder to manipulate than net income; growing OCF is a quality signal.
- Sequential growth — quarter-over-quarter trend. Accelerating bars are a momentum signal.
- YoY growth — compare to the same quarter a year earlier to remove seasonality.
- Quality — OCF should roughly track Net Income over time. Large divergence (net income ≫ OCF) flags accruals risk.
- Margins — scan the bar ratios: Net Income / Revenue tells you margin trend without needing a separate chart.
TTM (trailing-twelve-month) smooths seasonality and is used for the P/E calculation. Filings appear 30–90 days after the period closes.
Quarterly figures (12 quarters)
| Quarter | Period End | Revenue | Net Income | Diluted EPS | Op. Cash Flow |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q2 '26 | 2026-06-30 | $298.45M | $33.16M | $0.66 | $88.26M |
| Q1 '26 | 2026-03-31 | $291.97M | $43.46M | $0.89 | $150.77M |
| Q4 '25 | 2025-12-31 | $282.87M | $41.95M | $0.94 | $107.28M |
| Q3 '25 | 2025-09-30 | $271.71M | $292.19M | $5.95 | $84.24M |
| Q2 '25 | 2025-06-30 | $252.26M | $44.78M | $0.91 | $90.67M |
| Q1 '25 | 2025-03-31 | $230.74M | $35.13M | $0.72 | $105.63M |
| Q4 '24 | 2024-12-31 | $209.55M | $13.91M | $0.31 | $83.34M |
| Q3 '24 | 2024-09-30 | $192.59M | $23.36M | $0.49 | $56.27M |
| Q2 '24 | 2024-06-30 | $178.33M | $24.35M | $0.51 | $62.39M |
| Q1 '24 | 2024-03-31 | $167.55M | $26.96M | $0.57 | $83.51M |
| Q4 '23 | 2023-12-31 | $150.99M | $12.12M | $0.26 | $49.19M |
| Q3 '23 | 2023-09-30 | $137.62M | $2.81M | $0.06 | $37.65M |
Ratios derived from TTM financials and the current market price, sampled daily. History chart shows how expensive the stock is today relative to its own recent past.
- P/E — price / TTM earnings. Rough market rule: 10–15 value, 15–25 market, >30 growth/premium. Negative when earnings are negative.
- P/B — price / book value. Useful for financials and asset-heavy names; meaningless for asset-light software.
- P/S — price / TTM revenue. Useful when earnings are negative or noisy (early-stage growth).
- EV/EBITDA — capital-structure-neutral. <10 cheap, 10–15 reasonable, >20 rich. Good for comparing across leverage profiles.
- EV/Sales — like P/S but accounts for debt + cash. Compare within sector.
- ROE — return on equity. >15% strong, >25% exceptional. Caution: high leverage inflates ROE.
- ROA — return on assets. Leverage-neutral; >5% solid, >10% exceptional.
- Div Yield — annual dividend / price. Compare to 10Y Treasury; sustained yield >6% often signals distress.
- FCF Yield — free cash flow / market cap. >5% is attractive; negative means burning cash.
- Debt/Equity — leverage. <1 conservative, >2 aggressive. Sector-dependent (utilities naturally high, tech low).
- Current Ratio — short-term liquidity. >1.5 comfortable, <1 raises short-term solvency flags.
- Compare current level to the 3-year band: near the high end = relatively expensive; near the low = relatively cheap.
- Multiples expanding while earnings are flat = sentiment-driven rally.
- Multiples compressing while earnings grow = value coming from fundamentals.
Regulatory short-interest reports publish on a bi-weekly settlement cadence; short-volume is reported daily by the trade-reporting facilities. Float is derived from insider-ownership filings.
- Short Interest — total shares currently sold short as of the settlement date. Lags real time by ~8 business days.
- SI % of Float — short interest / free float. The key crowding metric.
- Days to Cover — short interest / avg daily volume. How many full trading days it would take shorts to buy back. High DTC + catalyst = squeeze fuel.
- Short Vol Ratio — today's short-sale volume / total volume. Intraday selling pressure proxy (not the same as short interest).
- Free Float — shares available for public trading (total shares minus insider / restricted).
- Float % — free float / shares outstanding. <50% = tightly held, more prone to squeezes.
- SI % of Float < 5% — typical, no particular signal.
- 5–15% — elevated; watch for catalysts (earnings, guidance, macro).
- 15–30% — heavily shorted; tight-float names in this range have produced notable squeezes historically.
- >30% — extreme; borrow is likely expensive and squeeze risk is material.
- Days to Cover > 5 combined with high SI% amplifies squeeze potential.
- Trend matters more than level. Rapidly rising short interest often precedes negative catalysts or heavy hedging.
- A sudden drop in SI after a rally may indicate a squeeze in progress.
Short interest is reported mid-month and end-of-month; short volume is daily.