ETF Tax Guide & Tools
Most ETFs are tax-efficient because redemptions are paid in securities rather than cash. The exceptions are structural, and they are identifiable from public filings: funds that send a K-1, notes that are not funds at all, trusts taxed as collectibles, funds that settle redemptions in cash and funds that paid out capital gains.
Likely K-1 issuers
34
commodity pools taxed as partnerships
Exchange-traded notes
45
issuer debt, not a fund
Paid a special distribution
84
of 4,221 paying funds, 12 months
Harvest pairs
40
same category, 70%+ overlap, different issuer
Same exposure, different fund: tax-loss harvest pairs
| Fund | Similar fund | Category | Holdings overlap | Fees | 1Y returns | Compare |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IVViShares | SPYState Street SPDR | Large Cap Blend | 98% | 0.03% / 0.10% | +15.6% / +15.7% | side by side |
| IVViShares | SPYMState Street SPDR | Large Cap Blend | 98% | 0.03% / 0.02% | +15.6% / — | side by side |
| STXFStrive | VOOVanguard | Large Cap Blend | 92% | 0.05% / 0.03% | — / +15.7% | side by side |
| MODLVictoryShares | VOOVanguard | Large Cap Blend | 71% | 0.46% / 0.03% | +14.3% / +15.7% | side by side |
| LGHHCM | VOOVanguard | Large Cap Blend | 80% | 1.00% / 0.03% | +10.3% / +15.7% | side by side |
| PBUSInvesco | SPYState Street SPDR | Large Cap Blend | 96% | 0.04% / 0.10% | +15.3% / +15.7% | side by side |
| LGHHCM | SPYState Street SPDR | Large Cap Blend | 79% | 1.00% / 0.10% | +10.3% / +15.7% | side by side |
| VTIVanguard | SCHBSchwab | Total Market | 91% | 0.03% / 0.03% | +15.1% / +15.1% | side by side |
| QQQInvesco | QNDXState Street SPDR | Large Cap Growth | 98% | 0.18% / 0.10% | +22.9% / — | side by side |
| IWFiShares | VUGVanguard | Large Cap Growth | 78% | 0.18% / 0.03% | +7.7% / +13.3% | side by side |
| SCHGSchwab | VUGVanguard | Large Cap Growth | 78% | 0.04% / 0.03% | +13.0% / +13.3% | side by side |
| VEAVanguard | SCHFSchwab | Developed ex-US | 74% | 0.03% / 0.03% | +15.6% / +15.3% | side by side |
| VGTVanguard | XLKState Street SPDR | Technology | 83% | 0.09% / 0.08% | +33.3% / +36.8% | side by side |
| IWYiShares | VUGVanguard | Large Cap Growth | 77% | 0.20% / 0.03% | +8.3% / +13.3% | side by side |
| ILCGiShares | VUGVanguard | Large Cap Growth | 75% | 0.04% / 0.03% | +12.6% / +13.3% | side by side |
| GGUSGoldman Sachs | VUGVanguard | Large Cap Growth | 76% | 0.12% / 0.03% | +8.7% / +13.3% | side by side |
| SCHVSchwab | VTVVanguard | Large Cap Value | 72% | 0.04% / 0.03% | +16.3% / +17.9% | side by side |
| IYWiShares | VGTVanguard | Technology | 81% | 0.37% / 0.09% | +33.9% / +33.3% | side by side |
| FTECFidelity | VGTVanguard | Technology | 91% | 0.08% / 0.09% | +33.5% / +33.3% | side by side |
| IGMiShares | VGTVanguard | Technology | 75% | 0.37% / 0.09% | +32.9% / +33.3% | side by side |
| IXNiShares | VGTVanguard | Technology | 75% | 0.37% / 0.09% | +40.6% / +33.3% | side by side |
| IYWiShares | XLKState Street SPDR | Technology | 81% | 0.37% / 0.08% | +33.9% / +36.8% | side by side |
| FTECFidelity | XLKState Street SPDR | Technology | 79% | 0.08% / 0.08% | +33.5% / +36.8% | side by side |
| IGMiShares | XLKState Street SPDR | Technology | 74% | 0.37% / 0.08% | +32.9% / +36.8% | side by side |
| IXNiShares | XLKState Street SPDR | Technology | 76% | 0.37% / 0.08% | +40.6% / +36.8% | side by side |
| SCHESchwab | VWOVanguard | Emerging Markets | 77% | 0.06% / 0.06% | +8.4% / +8.7% | side by side |
| IVWiShares | SPYGState Street SPDR | Large Cap Growth | 97% | 0.18% / 0.04% | +19.1% / +19.1% | side by side |
| SCHGSchwab | VONGVanguard | Large Cap Growth | 77% | 0.04% / 0.06% | +13.0% / +7.8% | side by side |
| SPTMState Street SPDR | ITOTiShares | Total Market | 94% | 0.03% / 0.03% | +15.4% / +15.2% | side by side |
| PFMInvesco | VIGVanguard | Dividend Growth | 85% | 0.52% / 0.04% | +9.8% / +9.8% | side by side |
| QQQMInvesco | QNDXState Street SPDR | Large Cap Growth | 98% | 0.15% / 0.10% | +22.9% / — | side by side |
| IVWiShares | VOOGVanguard | Large Cap Growth | 92% | 0.18% / 0.07% | +19.1% / +19.0% | side by side |
| VONVVanguard | IWDiShares | Large Cap Value | 72% | 0.06% / 0.18% | +23.5% / +23.7% | side by side |
| GSEWGoldman Sachs | RSPInvesco | Equal Weight | 77% | 0.09% / 0.20% | +11.5% / +11.6% | side by side |
| EUSAiShares | RSPInvesco | Equal Weight | 85% | 0.09% / 0.20% | +10.2% / +11.6% | side by side |
| IWMiShares | VTWOVanguard | Small Cap Blend | 75% | 0.19% / 0.06% | +13.1% / +13.0% | side by side |
| IUSGiShares | SPYGState Street SPDR | Large Cap Growth | 93% | 0.04% / 0.04% | +19.0% / +19.1% | side by side |
| GSLCGoldman Sachs | SCHXSchwab | Large Cap Blend | 76% | 0.09% / 0.03% | +13.3% / +14.9% | side by side |
| SPYGState Street SPDR | VOOGVanguard | Large Cap Growth | 94% | 0.04% / 0.07% | +19.1% / +19.0% | side by side |
| DFAIDimensional | SCHFSchwab | Developed ex-US | 73% | 0.18% / 0.03% | +12.4% / +15.3% | side by side |
Funds from different issuers in the same category whose holdings overlap at least 70% by weight. Whether two funds are "substantially identical" under the wash-sale rule is a legal question these numbers do not answer; funds tracking the same index are the riskiest case.
ETFs that paid a special distribution in the last 12 months
| Fund | Category | Special distributions | As % of price | Last paid | Assets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOFXDefiance Daily Target 2X Long SOFI ETF | Single-Stock Leveraged | $3.598 | 51.92% | Dec 30, 2025 | $54M |
| SOUXDefiance Daily Target 2X Long SOUN ETF | Single-Stock Leveraged | $2.209 | 33.79% | Dec 30, 2025 | $17M |
| SMCZDefiance Daily Target 2X Short SMCI ETF | Single-Stock Inverse | $1.181 | 27.60% | Dec 30, 2025 | $4.8M |
| CGROCoreValues Alpha Greater China Growth ETF | Single Country | $4.258 | 25.88% | Sep 29, 2026 | $1.6M |
| SMCXDefiance Daily Target 2X Long SMCI ETF | Single-Stock Leveraged | $0.500 | 3.56% | Dec 30, 2025 | $194M |
| EWJiShares MSCI Japan ETF | Single Country | $3.061 | 3.13% | Dec 16, 2025 | $23.7B |
| IONXDefiance Daily Target 2X Long IONQ ETF | Single-Stock Leveraged | $0.553 | 2.48% | Dec 30, 2025 | $297M |
| WTPIWisdomTree Equity Premium Income Fund | Covered Call | $0.722 | 2.17% | Dec 10, 2025 | $559M |
| AVGXDefiance Daily Target 2X Long AVGO ETF | Single-Stock Leveraged | $0.775 | 1.95% | Dec 30, 2025 | $234M |
| CAMXCambiar Aggressive Value ETF | Large Cap Value | $0.479 | 1.41% | Dec 30, 2025 | $65M |
| XCCCBondBloxx CCC-Rated USD High Yield Corporate Bond ETF | High Yield Bond | $0.369 | 1.10% | Dec 30, 2025 | $225M |
| JDIVJPMorgan Dividend Leaders ETF | Dividend Growth | $0.559 | 0.98% | Dec 15, 2025 | $13M |
| SPUCSimplify US Equity Income ETF | High Dividend | $0.480 | 0.97% | Apr 27, 2026 | $259M |
| SMCOHilton Small-MidCap Opportunity ETF | Mid Cap Blend | $0.270 | 0.96% | Dec 30, 2025 | $136M |
| FTMHFranklin Municipal High Yield ETF | High Yield Muni | $0.100 | 0.92% | Dec 19, 2025 | — |
| RXIiShares Global Consumer Discretionary ETF | Consumer Discretionary | $1.736 | 0.92% | Dec 16, 2025 | $303M |
| RGTXDefiance Daily Target 2X Long RGTI ETF | Single-Stock Leveraged | $0.066 | 0.90% | Dec 30, 2025 | $58M |
| GMOIGMO International Value ETF | Developed ex-US | $0.349 | 0.89% | Dec 30, 2025 | $658M |
| EINCVanEck Energy Income ETF | Multisector Bond | $0.984 | 0.84% | Dec 29, 2025 | $80M |
| FTMUFranklin Municipal Income ETF | National Muni | $0.058 | 0.80% | Dec 19, 2025 | — |
| FTCAFranklin California Municipal Income ETF | State Muni | $0.054 | 0.79% | Dec 19, 2025 | — |
| KBABKraneShares 2x Long BABA Daily ETF | Single-Stock Leveraged | $0.050 | 0.74% | Dec 30, 2025 | $2.2M |
| MFSIMFS Active International ETF | Developed ex-US | $0.240 | 0.73% | Dec 16, 2025 | $1.2B |
| MSTUT-Rex 2X Long MSTR Daily Target ETF | Single-Stock Leveraged | $0.288 | 0.73% | Aug 25, 2026 | $801M |
| XBBondBloxx B-Rated USD High Yield Corporate Bond ETF | High Yield Bond | $0.246 | 0.65% | Dec 30, 2025 | $88M |
| ITBiShares U.S. Home Construction ETF | Homebuilders & Housing | $0.543 | 0.64% | Sep 15, 2026 | $2.4B |
| FTOHFranklin Ohio Municipal Income ETF | State Muni | $0.047 | 0.60% | Dec 19, 2025 | — |
| TLCITouchstone International Equity ETF | Developed ex-US | $0.156 | 0.59% | Dec 30, 2025 | $111M |
| HYSABondBloxx High Yield Income ETF | High Yield Bond | $0.085 | 0.59% | Dec 30, 2025 | $100M |
| FTMAFranklin Massachusetts Municipal Income ETF | State Muni | $0.049 | 0.57% | Dec 19, 2025 | — |
| FTNJFranklin New Jersey Municipal Income ETF | State Muni | $0.047 | 0.57% | Dec 19, 2025 | — |
| SAGPStrategas Global Policy Opportunities ETF | Global | $0.196 | 0.55% | Oct 23, 2025 | $76M |
| FTMNFranklin Minnesota Municipal Income ETF | State Muni | $0.044 | 0.54% | Dec 19, 2025 | — |
| BBBLBondBloxx BBB Rated 10+ Year Corporate Bond ETF | Investment-Grade Corporate | $0.231 | 0.53% | Dec 30, 2025 | $6.6M |
| ILFiShares Latin America 40 ETF | Latin America | $0.201 | 0.53% | Dec 30, 2025 | $4.2B |
| EWZSiShares MSCI Brazil Small-Cap ETF | Single Country | $0.090 | 0.53% | Dec 30, 2025 | $361M |
| XBBBondBloxx BB-Rated USD High Yield Corporate Bond ETF | High Yield Bond | $0.199 | 0.50% | Dec 30, 2025 | $518M |
| HIMZDefiance Daily Target 2X Long HIMS ETF | Single-Stock Leveraged | $0.141 | 0.49% | Dec 30, 2025 | $164M |
| BBBSBondBloxx BBB Rated 1-5 Year Corporate Bond ETF | Short-Term Bond | $0.239 | 0.48% | Dec 30, 2025 | $170M |
| TAXXBondBloxx IR+M Tax Aware Short Duration ETF | Short Muni | $0.231 | 0.46% | Dec 30, 2025 | $283M |
Distributions paid outside a fund's regular schedule, per share, over the last 12 months. For a fund these are usually year-end capital gains, which are taxable to holders in a taxable account whether or not they sold. The fund's own tax notice says how each payment is characterised.
Funds likely to issue a Schedule K-1
| Fund | Category | Assets |
|---|---|---|
| DBCInvesco DB Commodity Index Tracking Fund | Broad Commodities | $2.0B |
| USOUnited States Oil Fund, LP | Oil | $1.7B |
| AGQProShares Ultra Silver2x | Leveraged & Inverse Commodity | $1.3B |
| DBAInvesco DB Agriculture Fund | Agriculture | $1.2B |
| SCOProShares UltraShort Bloomberg Crude Oil−2x | Leveraged & Inverse Commodity | $965M |
| BNOUnited States Brent Oil Fund, LP | Oil | $793M |
| CPERUnited States Copper Index Fund | Industrial Metals | $754M |
| UGLProShares Ultra Gold2x | Leveraged & Inverse Commodity | $752M |
| UNGUnited States Natural Gas Fund, LP Unit | Natural Gas | $497M |
| UUPInvesco DB US Dollar Index Bullish Fund | Currency | $441M |
| USCIUS Commodity Index | Broad Commodities | $419M |
| UCOProShares Ultra Bloomberg Crude Oil2x | Leveraged & Inverse Commodity | $414M |
| BOILProShares Ultra Bloomberg Natural Gas2x | Leveraged & Inverse Commodity | $400M |
| DBBInvesco DB Base Metals Fund | Industrial Metals | $364M |
| DBOInvesco DB Oil Fund | Oil | $291M |
| WEATTeucrium Wheat Fund | Agriculture | $279M |
| DBPInvesco DB Precious Metals Fund | Precious Metals | $250M |
| UGAUnited States Gasoline Fund, LP | Oil | $190M |
| CORNTeucrium Corn Fund | Agriculture | $126M |
| DBEInvesco DB Energy Fund | Energy | $119M |
| UDNInvesco DB US Dollar Index Bearish Fund | Currency | $102M |
| GLLProShares UltraShort Gold−2x | Leveraged & Inverse Commodity | $92M |
| KOLDProShares UltraShort Bloomberg Natural Gas−2x | Leveraged & Inverse Commodity | $91M |
| ZSLProShares UltraShort Silver−2x | Leveraged & Inverse Commodity | $73M |
| CANETeucrium Sugar Fund | Agriculture | $56M |
| USLUnited States 12 Month Oil Fund, LP | Oil | $50M |
| SOYBTeucrium Soybean Fund | Agriculture | $45M |
| EUOProShares UltraShort Euro−2x | Inverse Equity | $36M |
| YCLProShares Ultra Yen2x | Leveraged Equity | $30M |
| YCSProShares UltraShort Yen−2x | Inverse Equity | $27M |
Commodity and volatility pools that hold futures directly are taxed as partnerships: gains are marked to market each year (60% long-term, 40% short-term) and reported on a K-1. Identified from structure and name; check the prospectus, since some use an offshore subsidiary to avoid it.
Exchange-traded notes
| Fund | Category | Assets |
|---|---|---|
| AIQDMicroSectors -3x Short Artificial Intelligence (AI) ETNs−3xETN | Inverse Equity | — |
| AIQUMicroSectors 3x Long Artificial Intelligence (AI) ETNs3xETN | Leveraged Equity | — |
| AMJBAlerian MLP Index ETNs due January 28 2044ETN | MLPs & Midstream | — |
| AMUBETRACS Alerian MLP Index ETN Series B due July 18, 2042ETN | MLPs & Midstream | — |
| BDCXETRACS Quarterly Pay 1.5x Leveraged MarketVector BDC Liquid Index ETN due June 10, 20501.5xETN | Leveraged Equity | — |
| BDCZETRACS MarketVector Business Development Companies Liquid Index ETN due April 26, 2041ETN | Financials | — |
| BERZMicroSectors FANG & Innovation -3x Inverse Leveraged ETN−3xETN | Inverse Equity | — |
| BNKDMicroSectors U.S. Big Banks -3x Inverse Leveraged ETNs due February 17, 2045−3xETN | Inverse Equity | — |
| BNKUMicroSectors U.S. Big Banks 3x Leveraged ETNs due February 17, 20453xETN | Leveraged Equity | — |
| BULZMicroSectors FANG & Innovation 3x Leveraged ETN3xETN | Leveraged Equity | — |
| CARDMAX Auto Industry -3x Inverse Leveraged ETN−3xETN | Inverse Equity | — |
| CARUMAX Auto Industry 3x Leveraged ETN3xETN | Leveraged Equity | — |
| CEFDETRACS Monthly Pay 1.5X Leveraged Closed-End Fund Index ETN1.5xETN | Leveraged Equity | — |
| DGPDB Gold Double Long ETN due February 15, 2038ETN | Gold | — |
| DGZDB Gold Short ETN due February 15, 2038ETN | Gold | — |
| DJPiPath Bloomberg Commodity Index Total Return ETN due June 12, 2036ETN | Multisector Bond | — |
| DZZDB Gold Double Short ETN due February 15, 2038ETN | Gold | — |
| FLYDMicroSectors Travel -3x Inverse Leveraged ETN−3xETN | Inverse Equity | — |
| FLYUMicroSectors Travel 3x Leveraged ETN3xETN | Leveraged Equity | — |
| FNGDMicroSectors FANG+ Index -3X Inverse Leveraged ETNs due January 8, 2038−3xETN | Inverse Equity | — |
| FNGOMicroSectors FANG+ Index 2X Leveraged ETNs due January 8, 20382xETN | Leveraged Equity | — |
| FNGSMicroSectors FANG+ ETNs due January 8, 2038ETN | Internet & Innovation | — |
| FNGUMicroSectors FANG+ 3x Leveraged ETNs due February 17, 20453xETN | Leveraged Equity | — |
| GDXDMicroSectors Gold Miners -3x Inverse Leveraged ETN−3xETN | Inverse Equity | — |
| GDXUMicroSectors Gold Miners 3x Leveraged ETN3xETN | Leveraged Equity | — |
| GRNiPath Series B Carbon Exchange-Traded NotesETN | Multisector Bond | — |
| HDLBETRACS Monthly Pay 2xLeveraged US High Dividend Low Volatility ETN Series B due October 21, 2049ETN | High Dividend | — |
| IFEDETRACS IFED Invest with the Fed TR Index ETNETN | Unclassified | — |
| JETDMAX Airlines -3x Inverse Leveraged ETN−3xETN | Inverse Equity | — |
| JETUMAX Airlines 3x Leveraged ETN3xETN | Leveraged Equity | — |
An ETN is unsecured debt of the issuing bank that promises an index return. There is no portfolio behind it, so there are no holdings to show and the holder carries the bank's credit risk.
Large funds that redeem mostly in cash
| Fund | Category | In kind | Assets |
|---|---|---|---|
| QDECFT Vest Growth-100 Buffer ETF - December | Buffer | -0% | $697M |
| VTECVanguard California Tax-Exempt Bond ETF | State Muni | -0% | $3.2B |
| IEFAiShares Core MSCI EAFE ETF | Developed ex-US | 0% | $189.5B |
| BNDXVanguard Total International Bond ETF | International Bond | 0% | $82.5B |
| JPSTJPMorgan Ultra-Short Income ETF | Ultra-Short Bond | 0% | $42.2B |
| MBBiShares MBS ETF | Mortgage & Securitized | 0% | $35.6B |
| PULSPGIM Ultra Short Bond ETF | Ultra-Short Bond | 0% | $19.4B |
| MINTPIMCO Enhanced Short Maturity Active Exchange-Traded Fund | Ultra-Short Bond | 0% | $18.3B |
| DFAIDimensional International Core Equity Market ETF | Developed ex-US | 0% | $17.8B |
| SPEMState Street SPDR Portfolio Emerging Markets ETF | Emerging Markets | 0% | $17.5B |
| BINCiShares Flexible Income Active ETF | Multisector Bond | 0% | $16.4B |
| JCPBJPMorgan Core Plus Bond ETF | Core Bond | 0% | $15.3B |
| DFICDimensional International Core Equity 2 ETF | Developed ex-US | 0% | $15.0B |
| PAAAPGIM AAA CLO ETF | Bank Loans & CLOs | 0% | $13.9B |
| SCHESchwab Emerging Markets Equity ETF | Emerging Markets | 0% | $12.9B |
| COROiShares International Country Rotation Active ETF | Tactical & Rotation | 0% | $12.8B |
| AMLPAlerian MLP ETF | MLPs & Midstream | 0% | $12.8B |
| DFAXDimensional World ex U.S. Core Equity 2 ETF | Developed ex-US | 0% | $12.4B |
| JPIEJPMorgan Income ETF | Multisector Bond | 0% | $10.9B |
| FNDESchwab Fundamental Emerging Markets Equity ETF | Emerging Markets | 0% | $10.5B |
| DFAEDimensional Emerging Core Equity Market ETF | Emerging Markets | 0% | $10.1B |
| DFEMDimensional Emerging Markets Core Equity 2 ETF | Emerging Markets | 0% | $9.6B |
| ICSHiShares Ultra Short Duration Bond Active ETF | Ultra-Short Bond | 0% | $8.9B |
| JBNDJPMorgan Active Bond ETF | Core Bond | 0% | $8.7B |
| BONDPIMCO Active Bond Exchange-Traded Fund | Multisector Bond | 0% | $8.5B |
| JMUBJPMorgan Municipal ETF | National Muni | 0% | $8.3B |
| IDViShares International Select Dividend ETF | International Dividend | 0% | $8.1B |
| PDBCInvesco Actively Managed Exch-Traded Commodity Fd Tr Invesco Optimum Yield Diversified Commodity Strategy No K-1 ETF | Broad Commodities | 0% | $7.9B |
| JMSTJPMorgan Ultra-Short Municipal Income ETF | Short Muni | 0% | $7.7B |
| JMTGJPMorgan Mortgage-Backed Securities ETF | Mortgage & Securitized | 0% | $6.9B |
From each fund's annual SEC census. A fund that pays redemptions in cash has to sell holdings to do it, which can realise gains for the remaining shareholders. Bond, derivative-based and some international funds do this by necessity.
Physical metal trusts
| Fund | Category | Fee | Assets |
|---|---|---|---|
| GLDSPDR Gold Trust, SPDR Gold Shares | Gold | — | $142.4B |
| IAUiShares Gold Trust | Gold | — | $62.2B |
| GLDMSPDR Gold MiniShares | Gold | — | $31.0B |
| SLViShares Silver Trust | Silver | — | $29.5B |
| PHYSSprott Physical Gold Trust | Gold | — | $15.4B |
| PSLVSprott Physical Silver Trust | Silver | — | $12.1B |
| CEFSprott Physical Gold and Silver Trust | Precious Metals | — | $7.1B |
| SGOLabrdn Physical Gold Shares ETF | Gold | — | $7.0B |
| IAUMiShares Gold Trust Micro | Gold | — | $6.6B |
| SIVRabrdn Physical Silver Shares ETF | Silver | — | $4.1B |
| OUNZVanEck Merk Gold ETF | Gold | — | $2.7B |
| GLTRabrdn Physical Precious Metals Basket Shares ETF | Precious Metals | — | $2.6B |
| PPLTabrdn Physical Platinum Shares ETF | Precious Metals | — | $2.0B |
| BARGraniteShares Gold SharesActive | Gold | — | $1.4B |
| PALLabrdn Physical Palladium Shares ETF | Precious Metals | — | $599M |
| SPPPSprott Physical Platinum and Palladium Trust | Precious Metals | — | $490M |
| FGDLFranklin Responsibly Sourced Gold ETF | Gold | — | $433M |
| DBPInvesco DB Precious Metals Fund | Precious Metals | — | $250M |
| PLTMGraniteShares Platinum SharesActive | Precious Metals | — | $183M |
Trusts that hold gold, silver or platinum bullion are taxed as owning the metal: long-term gains are taxed at the collectibles rate, up to 28%, not the 15-20% rate on stock funds.
General information, not tax advice. Tax treatment depends on your circumstances; confirm against the fund's prospectus and with an adviser.
Fund data comes from each fund's SEC filings and issuer disclosures and is shown with the date it is as of. SEC portfolio and flow filings become public about 60 days after the period they cover. Nothing here is investment advice; see Terms.